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Resources and Links
An annotated bibliography of the resources consulted in the course of building this website.
114 Men and Girls Die in Waist Factory Fire; Trapped High Up in Washington Place Building; Street Strewn With Bodies; Piles of Dead Inside, The New York Times, 26 March 1911, p. 1.
The story begins on the front page and continues for several pages within; includes several photos. Useful for first-hand perceptions of the events and immediate reactions.
Between A Rock and a Hard Place: A History of American Sweatshops, 1820 to Present
http://americanhistory.si.edu/sweatshops/history/1880.htm
National Museum of American History. Last accessed 6 May 2002.
Photos from museum exhibition on sweatshops; some contextual information on the sweatshop phenomenon and workplace reform.
Binder, Federick M. and David M. Reimers. All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.
Comprehensive history includes a chapter on Jewish and Italian immigrants late 1880s-early 1900s.
Duchez, Louis. The Murder of the Shirt Waist Makers in New York City, International Socialist Review, Chicago: C.H. Kerr and Company, 1911, v.11 May, p. 666.
Socialist call to arms over Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire; includes one photo from the collection analysed on this website and several others in the same vein.
Dye, Nancy Schrom. As Equals and Sisters: feminism, the labor movement, and the Women's Trade Union League of New York. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1980.
Insightful examination of the WTUL and its struggle to reconcile its obligations as a labour organisation with its role as a women's organisation.
Gould, Stephen Jay. A Tale of Two Worksites: social Darwinism as applied to human history, Natural History October 1997, v106, n9 p18.
Fascinating article by the famed biologist on consequences of misapplication of Darwinism to human social behaviour, with particular regard to nineteenth century workplace legislation and the Triangle Fire.
Green, Nancy L. Ready-To-Wear and Ready-to-Work: a century of industry and immigrants in Paris and New York. London: Duke University Press.
Wide-ranging and insightful; includes deconstruction of the physical space of the sweatshop, examination of the identity of the garment worker as 'immigrant woman' and how skill thresholds impact on employment patterns. Highly recommended.
Hales, Peter B. Silver Cities: the photography of American urbanization, 1839-1915. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
Traces progression of urban photography in America, from monumental triumphal style to social documentary and reform photography; includes one chapter on Jacob Riis and social reform photography; includes and analyses numerous photos in depth. Recommended.
Heaven Will Protect the Working Girl: Immigrant Women in the Turn-of-the-Century City
http://web.gc.cuny.edu/ashp/heaven/index.html
American Social History Project Center for Media and Learning. Last accessed 6 May 2002.
Promotional site for educational video; high school level learning resource; includes information on sweatshop workers around the Triangle period.
Jensen, Joan M. and Sue Davidson (eds). A Needle, a Bobbin, a Strike: women needleworkers in America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
Collection of essays on topics including textile mill strikes at the turn of the century and the Uprising of the 20,000.
Kessler-Harris, Alice. Out To Work: a history of wage-earning women in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
Includes information on immigrant women workers in the garment industry, unionisation, and protective labor legislation.
LaGumina, Salvatore J. Reflections of an Italian-American Worker, Journal of Ethnic Studies, 1975 3(2), p. 65.
Excerpts from writings of an Italian-American working class man, including his personal reactions to the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire.
Lehrer, Susan. Origins of Protective Labor Legislation for Women, 1905-1925. Albany: State University Press, 1987.
Left-wing critique of special legislation for women as exclusionary.
New Deal Network Photo Gallery
http://newdeal.feri.org/library/d_4m.htm
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library. Last accessed 7 November 2002.
Source of photos used on this website.
Russell, Phillips. God Did It, International Socialist Review, Chicago: C.H. Kerr and Company, 1911 v.11 May, p. 472.
Emotive socialist call to arms following Triangle Shirtwaist Fire.
Stein, Leon (ed). Out of the Sweatshop: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1977.
Edited collection of primary resources, including one chapter on the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire.
Stop Sweatshops! At Work in Garment Industry Sweatshops: Photos from Yesterday and Today
http://www.uniteunion.org/sweatshops/photos/photos.html
UNITE. Last accessed 6 May 2002.
Photo exhibition on sweatshops past and present by UNITE (former ILGWU).
Trachtenberg, Alan. Reading American Photographs: images as history, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans. USA: Hill and Wang, 1989.
In-depth overview of history of American photography to early twentieth century, including one chapter on Lewis Hine and Alfred Stieglitz in particular and social reform photography in general. Recommended.
Triangle Factory Fire
http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/
Cornell University, Kheel Center, and Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees.
Last accessed 6 May 2002.
Comprehensive high school level site with extensive and invaluable collection of primary sources, many unique to the Kheel Centre.
UP's Coverage of 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire
http://www.auburn.edu/~lowrygr/fire.html
Bill Shepherd, United Press International. Last accessed 6 May 2002.
Graphic first-hand news account of the Triangle Fire.
Wertheimer, Barbara Mayer. We Were There: the story of working women in America. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977.
Personality- and union-focused account, includes chapter on Uprising of the 20,000 and Triangle Fire. Detailed sequence of events on day of the fire and aftermath.
Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1775-1940
http://womhist.binghamton.edu/index.html
Center for the Historical Study of Women and Gender, State University of New York.
Last accessed 6 May 2002.
Collection of hypertextual essays with strong emphasis on use of primary sources.
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